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The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a civil rights protest during which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated seating. Rosa Parks' Bus . In 1955 Rosa Parks (1913—2005) helped initiate the civil rights movement in the United States when she refused to give up her seat to a white man on a Montgomery, Alabama bus in 1955. Her actions Montgomery bus boycott, mass protest against the bus system of Montgomery, Alabama, by civil rights activists and their supporters that led to a 1956 U.S. Supreme Court decision declaring that Montgomery’s segregation laws on buses were unconstitutional. The boycott was led by the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. December 5, 1955 to December 20, 1956. Sparked by the arrest of Rosa Parks on 1 December 1955, the Montgomery bus boycott was a 13-month mass protest that ended with the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that segregation on public buses is unconstitutional. Rosa Parks launched the Montgomery bus boycott when she refused to give up her bus seat to a white man. The boycott proved to be one of the pivotal moments of the emerging civil rights movement. For 13 months, starting in December 1955, the black citizens of Montgomery protested nonviolently with the goal of desegregating the city’s public buses. The black community of Montgomery had held firm in their resolve. The Montgomery bus boycott triggered a firestorm in the South. Across the region, blacks resisted "moving to the back of the bus." Similar actions flared up in other cities. The boycott put Martin Luther King Jr. in the national spotlight. The National City Lines bus, No. 2857, on which Rosa Parks rode before she was arrested (a GM "old-look" transit bus, serial number 1132), is now on exhibit at the Henry Ford Museum. On the night of Parks' arrest, the Women's Political Council , led by Jo Ann Robinson , printed and circulated a flyer throughout Montgomery's black community that Sixty years ago, Rosa Parks, a 42-year-old black woman, refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a Montgomery, Alabama, public bus. On December 1, 1955, Parks, a seamstress and secretary for the Montgomery chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), was taking the bus home after a long day of work. In 1955, Parks rejected a bus driver's order to leave a row of four seats in the "colored" section once the white section had filled up and move to the back of the bus. Her defiance sparked a successful boycott of buses in Montgomery a few days later. Residents refused to board the city's buses. Instead they carpooled, rode in Black-owned cabs The Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955-1956 was a defining moment in the American Civil Rights Movement. Triggered by the arrest of Rosa Parks for refusing to surrender her bus seat to a white passenger, the 13-month protest campaign reshaped the struggle for racial equality and introduced the world to a young minister named Martin Luther King Jr. Many key leaders in the Movement worked in Montgomery including Rosa Parks, Frances Belser, and Jo Ann Robinson as this is where the Montgomery Bus Boycott took place. Solidarity Between Black Women During the Movement Life After the Boycott. Following her pivotal role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Rosa Parks faced significant challenges. Despite becoming an emblematic figure of the Civil Rights Movement, Parks lost her job at the department store and her husband, Raymond, was also dismissed from his position due to the backlash stemming from her protest. Born in February 1913, Rosa Parks was a civil rights activist whose refusal to give up her seat to a white passenger on a segregated bus in 1955 led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott. BEYOND THE BUS // TEACHING THE UNSEEN STORY OF ROSA PARKS AND THE MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT 5 Beyond the Bus, a special publication of the Teaching the Movement initiative, brings together key elements from resources we developed over the past five years to help educators recognize and fill instructional gaps. They include: Teaching the Movement 2014 Rosa Parks was a Black civil rights activist whose refusal to give up her bus seat to a white man ignited the American civil rights movement. Because she played a leading role in the Montgomery bus boycott, she is called the ‘mother of the civil rights movement.’ For Montgomery bus riders who had no other transportation, boycotting the bus created challenges to their daily routines. What were those challenges and how would you have overcome those challenges? Was the Montgomery Bus Boycott successful? Explain. What role did the philosophy of nonviolent resistance play in this success? Pictorial Press Ltd/Alamy. On the evening of December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a 42-year-old African American seamstress and civil rights activist living in Montgomery, Alabama, was arrested for refusing to obey a bus driver who had ordered her and three other African American passengers to vacate their seats to make room for a white passenger who had just boarded. The Montgomery bus boycott began when 42-year-old Rosa Parks, who had been a civil rights activist for more than two decades, refused to give up her bus seat to a white man on December 1, 1955. “During the Montgomery bus boycott, we came together and remained unified for 381 days. It has never been done again. The Montgomery boycott became the model for human rights throughout the world.” When Rosa Parks was arrested on December 1, 1955, for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white man, she was mentally prepared for the moment. If ever a story was meant to be dramatized, it’s the story of Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott. The dramatic nature of this story is both its strength and its weakness. The strength is obvious; the weakness is that the drama may give the message that the whole story (and the whole Civil Rights Movement) comes down to one moment in
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